Ideology Of Facial Tattoos - 1245 Words

Facial tattoos where common in the past centuries however, they no longer are seen in today’s society. They were used as a sign of power and authority but, today’s society has changed the meaning of facial tattoos. The hegemonic society has labeled facial tattoos as deviant, and those who have a facial tattoo are placed into a subculture. â€Å"Tattooing is the most established form of non-mainstream body art in the west, having been practiced by modern Europeans and Americans for centuries† (Pitts 5). Today many more people are receiving tattoos on their bodies to represent something significant to them. Society has ruled it ok to have tattoos placed anywhere on the body except for the face or top of neck region. Many people though, do not†¦show more content†¦Is in the gang and prison subcultures, it is commonplace to find a teardrop tattoo on the face of an inmate or gang member. While the tattoo has dual meaning, it often signifies that the bearer of the teardrop has murdered someone† (Camacho 6). Individuals receive these tattoos to clearly intimidate other members of their subculture. Such that a tear drop tattoo represents the amount of times someone has committed murder. However, even individuals who are not in a gang or prison still intimidate normal members of the hegemonic society. Often time the individual with the facial tattoo has cruel comments said to them or the person is given demeaning looks. One man who has a few tattoos on his face was talking to a reporter about how he has experienced the cruelty of the main society, â€Å"Sometimes, having what others consider to be an abnormal appearance can lead to unsavory comments. Once in a train station, a man shouted at him that he was the devil, completely out of the blue† (Vice.com). The hegemonic society has shown that people with facial tattoos are not welcome in their culture. They consider the individual with the facial tattoo stigmatized and only adhere to the facial tattoos and disregard who the person is completely, and what they are capable of. Individuals in their subculture will perform certain actions to gain a certain social status. People who tattoo their face often do so to gain a certainShow MoreRelatedTattoos As A Form Of Decoration And Communication1666 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a long list of cultures that utilised tattoos as a form of decoration and communication (Swami, 2011). That said, within some western societies, that historical connection to the tattoo is not that strong. However the art of tattooing has seen a steady growth of its popularity and acceptance, and since the early 1990s, that growth has accelerated dramatically (Caplan, 2000; Cash, 2011; DeMello, 2000; Swami, 2011). The current estimated incidence of tattooing amongst the populations ofRead More Stigma of Tattoos in Modern Times Essay1906 Words   |  8 Pageswell in the new millennium, even in a liberal outpost like Massachusetts. Whether its a stare, look, comment or something more seri ous, like denial of service or hassling from law enforcement, cultural stigma is still a factor for those seeking tattoos. Much of this is clearly rooted in the history of tattooing in the U.S. (see below) but there are other possible sources for these attitudes as well. An interesting article in Skin Art Magazine by Kyle Burkett proposes another possible culturalRead MoreBody Art As Self Representation2074 Words   |  9 PagesGeoffrey Carr April 5th,2016 Body art as self representation has become more pervasive in popular culture within the past 50 years in western cultures. From the body as the model of Greek artistry to 20th and 21st century punk rock safety pins as facial art and permanent tattooing, the body is a canvas upon which artists purvey their message, whatever it may be. As such, Orlan is a fearless artist on the world stage, displaying her body as a shifting, ever changing human identity, and body art asRead MoreGay, Lesbian And Transgender People1382 Words   |  6 Pages These speed bumps consist of groups of people like the homophobic. Homophobia is the fear or hatred towards gay, lesbian and transgender people. People and social groups may feel this way due to religion, parents beliefs or don’t understand the ideology behind it. But same-sex relationships aren’t something that have recently been a hot topic, for many years prior to even white inhabitants in our country, same-sex relationships have occurred. In numerous Indigenous tribes, homosexuality was completelyRead MoreHow Our Ideologies And Perspective Of Beauty1812 Words   |  8 PagesHow our ideologies and perspective of ‘’beauty ’’ have been distorted over time and have helped shape the western society of today ‘’The biggest challenge in life is to be yourself in a world that is trying to make you like everyone else ’’. We live in a society shaped and conformed by our ideals of beauty; constantly having to live up to the expectations put upon us by the media, social standards and our own body image outlooks. Yet, overtime, throughout Australia’s history, the perspective on beautyRead MoreCompare Beccaria and Lombroso Essay2327 Words   |  10 PagesCompare 2 Key Thinkers and Their Competing Ideologies. Criminology is a study of crime, criminals and criminal justice. Ideas about criminal justice and crime arose in the 18th century during the enlightenment, but criminology as we know it today developed in the late 19th century. Criminology has been shaped by many different academic disciplines and has many different approaches. It explores the implications of criminal laws; how they emerge and work, then how they are violated and what happensRead More Gender and Sexuality in The Piano Essay1965 Words   |  8 Pagessexuality in nineteenth century colonial New Zealand within the discourses of power that shaped this era. Different discourses of gender and race and their interactions are presented in order to support a narrative critique of the European patriarchal ideology as dominant social structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the opening sequence of the film, the viewer is immediately presented with an image of marriage as entirely contractual: Today he married me to a man Ive not yet met. The protagonist, although she hasRead MoreEssay about Salvador Dalis Work4988 Words   |  20 Pageshas grown to obtaining 30%, and is continually growing. Salvador Dali is the icon of Surrealism because of his ability to depict the unconscious, his crazy appearance, and his self-publicity methods, while Dali never conformed to the ideologies of the Surrealist though, he did use Surrealism as a stepping-stone to advance into the creative class, whose emergence promises the transformation, of economic and social structures in America giving more freedom to those like DaliRead MoreVisual Cultures Essay6109 Words   |  25 Pagesunpredictable character, breaking any monotonous moments in the series. Phoebe Buffay is one of TV’s most beloved personalities. She is a unique character with her hippie style, refuses to eat â€Å"food with a-face†, through these attitudes and different life ideologies we can see that she is trying to stand out and define a eccentric position. The cause of this may be her childhood family problems and her bad relationship with her twin. Her clothes normally don’t match (flowing floral skirts and dresses, multicolorRead MoreWorkers Playtime?: Boundaries and Cynicism in a Culture of Fun Program10325 Words   |  42 Pagesapparatuses (Althusser, 1971), and industrial paternalism (Bendix, Downloaded from jab.sagepub.com at University of Melbourne Library on August 7, 2010 Fleming / WORKERS’ PLAYTIME? 289 1956; Perrow, 1986). But with the help of liberalist ideology, the nonwork sphere was generally represented as a zone of relative autonomy and self-determination (Fleming Spicer, 2004; Morf, 1989; Perlow, 1998). This strong, although by no means impermeable, boundary between work and nonwork life is exemplified

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Essay - 1642 Words

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major public health challenge worldwide (Sepkowitz, 2001). HIV is a microscopic organism that attacks and destroys the immune system (Carter and Hughson, 2014). This has caused 35 million people to be diagnosed with the disease and an estimated 39 million people dying from HIV related causes since the beginning of the epidemic (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016). The United Kingdom (UK) experienced a five percent rise in HIV diagnosis from 2012-2013 resulting in 107,800 patients being diagnosed with HIV (Public Health England (2014). This figure has led the UK to having one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in Europe (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013). HIV still remains incurable with no effective vaccines in place, nonetheless measures have been put in place to curb its transmission (Munier et al, 2011). The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has triggered a decrease in replication of HIV in the inf ected host (Connor, et al., 1994). In 1996, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapies (HAART) was introduced and astonishingly decreased the HIV morbidity and mortality, however, its efficacy requires strict adherence to lifelong treatment (Mocroft, et al., 2003; Sterne et al, 2005). ‘Adherence is defined as the extent to which the patient continues the agreed upon mode of treatment under limited supervision’ (Stedman†²s Medical Dictionary, 1995). In contrast, ‘non-adherence is defined as theShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. 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HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )884 Words   |  4 Pages(2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no longer can fight or resist infections, the condition is at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDSRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sha ring needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections

Belonging Essay Free Essays

Generic Essay: For individuals to feel a sense of acceptance and belonging to place, people around them need to accept them as they are. Belonging to a place occurs through our interactions with people around us. The failure to understand or accept an individual’s uniqueness prevents this sense of belonging from developing. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Texts that explore belonging to a place through connections to people are Peter Skrzynecki’s poems, â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki†, â€Å"10 Mary Street† and â€Å"Migrant Hostel†, the short film, â€Å"Be My Brother† directed by Genevieve Clay and from the website, http://www. yronbodyandsoul. com, the online article, â€Å"Making sense of this place† by Susanna Freymark. Each of these texts encourages the responder to reflect not only upon the importance of belonging to a place, but also on the way in which understanding and acceptance by others impacts on one’s ability to form this connection. In the poem, â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki†, Peter Skrzynecki describes the sense of belonging achieved by his father through his attachment to his Polish friends. Feliks’s friends are a source of understanding as they share common memories, experiences and traditions. Together they â€Å"reminisced about farms where paddocks flowered†¦Horses they bred, pigs they were skilled in slaughtering. † The positive connotations expressed in these lines allude to the immigrants’ shared experiences and heritage, and the solace which Feliks derives from the connection with his Polish friends further nourishes his sense of cultural belonging. Peter, however, does not feel this same sense of inclusion as he does not understand the Polish culture or the behaviour of his father’s friends. This is demonstrated in his reference to how they, â€Å"Always shook hands too violently† and the â€Å"formal address /I never got used to†. This same sense of lack of understanding and alienation also exists between father and son. Peter’s allusion to â€Å"Hadrian’s Wall† in the lines, â€Å"Watched me pegging my tents/ Further and further south of Hadrian’s Wall† and his admission that, â€Å"I forgot my first Polish word†, are indicative of the widening gap between them as both father and son find it increasingly difficult to share a common understanding or a sense of cultural community . Feliks’s garden, to which he has a great affinity, is yet another place where he feels secure and blissful. From the talks he has with his friends it is evident that he is used to hard physical labour and that he understands and has a close bond with the land. The poet writes that Feliks loved his garden, â€Å"like an only child†. This simile emphasizes the love and devotion that his father lavishes upon the garden, and the hyperbole, â€Å"swept its paths Ten times around the world† suggests his connection with it and the way in which he has created for himself a world which he understands and with which he can identify and belong. Peter describes his father sitting in the evening â€Å"With his dog, smoking† and reflects that he was, â€Å"Happy as I have never been†. This last statement further emphasizes Peter’s feeling of alienation and dislocation from a place in which his father is completely content. Developing a sense of belonging through understanding can also be seen in the poem â€Å"10 Mary Street†. This poem describes the emotions of an immigrant family through their process of integration into the Australian society and their understanding of the Polish culture. The house is a place where, after having lived there for nineteen years†, they feel they belong. Understanding â€Å"the whole block† gives an indication of their connection to the house and their familiarity with their local neighbourhood. The statement that,â€Å"Each morning the house was shut like a well-oiled lock†, illustrates their routine movements and the reference to the ‘lock’ represents the security they feel living in the house. Their home is warm and inviting, illustrated by the description of it painted â€Å"in its china-blue coat†. The color suggests vibrancy and life and is described as â€Å"standing† as if it, too, is a member of the family. The use of personification stresses the ties forged with this house over the years. In a similar fashion to â€Å"Feliks†, the garden in â€Å"10 Mary Street† provides a sanctuary and a special place of belonging for Peter and his family where they spend their happy moments together. The cumulative listing, â€Å"My parents watered plants-grew potatoes, And rows of sweet corn† is used to good effect to create a strong connection to the garden which reinforces the sense of belonging to place. The simile, â€Å"tended roses and camellias like adopted children† is reminiscent of a similar comparison used in the poem, â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki†, reinforces the love and devotion lavished on the garden and exemplifies the family’s strong attachment to place. Peter would share this joy by ravaging the garden for strawberries and peas â€Å"like a hungry bird†. The final stanza of the poem evokes a powerful image of belonging to the Australian land in the lines, â€Å"We became citizens of the soil/That was feeding us† and the last lines, â€Å"Inheritors of a key /That’ll open no house/ When this one is pulled down†, signifies the importance of their ties to 10 Mary Street as a place connecting them to their new adopted country. In contrast to the security, understanding and connection to place engendered by 10 Mary Street, the poem, â€Å"Migrant Hostel† presents an image of rejection and alienation resulting from physical and mental barriers. In this poem, Skrzynecki describes the hostel as a busy place where â€Å"No one kept count of all the comings and goings†. The poem’s depressing tone evokes a feeling of disorientation with the inference that the migrants have no control over their lives; their existence is characterized by a mood of disappointment and captivity as they are in a state of confusion not belonging to their surroundings. . The fourth stanza opens with strong use of imagery, â€Å"a barrier at the main gate sealed off the highway†¦As it rose and fell like a finger, pointed in reprimand or shame. This suggests a physical impediment that implies entrapment and prevents the migrants from understanding the Australian culture and having their own place in Australia. Additionally, the use of the simile in this quote would seem to imply that alienation is due to some fault of the migrants, themselves. Because of this lack of understanding, the migrants do not want to belong to the hostel whe re they are ‘sealed off’ as they do not know what is going to happen to them, as it brings back memories of the past. The simile, â€Å"like a homing pigeon circling to get its bearings† presents a powerful image of the migrants desperately trying to find something or somewhere to which to belong but â€Å"like birds of passage – always sensing a change†, they are unsure of their future and continue to search for a better place where they can at last feel a sense of attachment. When understanding and acceptance does not occur, people risk either being alienated or alienating others. This is conveyed through the short film, â€Å"Be My Brother†, which was the Tropfest winner in 2009. It characterizes Richard, a ‘Down’s Syndrome’ sufferer, who because of his mental disability, walks and talks differently from the others. Richard feels isolated and alone especially when the two other characters in the film, Amanda and his brother, Damien, ignore him. These two are representative of the â€Å"normal† community and because they perceive Richard to be ‘abnormal’, they deprive him of the sense of belonging. In the opening panoramic scene, the metaphorical belonging to place is depicted through the medium shot of Richard walking on the below Amanda, while she is sitting on the bench at the bus stop above him. These ‘rocks’ are the symbolic representation of the hardships and troubles that he faces in his life and which are the cause of his disaffection and alienation. The director conveys this notion through the Amanda and Damien’s lack of eye contact and their monosyllabic responses, which is symbolic of the community’s lack of understanding of his disability, which results in his sense of exclusion from the rest of society. The director has effectively uses Damien’s hoodie as a symbol of his lack of understanding, it symbolizing the barrier and subsequent isolation Richard feels. However, when he removes his hoodie and sits next to Richard, the responder recognizes that a real understanding has taken place between the two characters. This change in relationship is further emphasized through the mid shot, which represents equality. This is a strongly comforting scene as it is apparent that Damien at last is starting to understand and accept his disadvantaged brother thus encouraging his sense of belonging. . The article â€Å"Making sense of this place† written by Susana Freymark details the strong sense of attachment that the composer feels for â€Å"Byron Bay†. She writes that, â€Å"Your name, address and family ties you to a place and helps define who you are and your place in the world. † Through the use of imagery in ‘ties you to a place’ the composer infers that a personal identity bonds the individual to a place where he or she feels accepted and comfortable and for her, â€Å"No other place evokes my sense of self more†. Freymark states that the external world reflects the inner sense of where we belong and to this end, she feels, â€Å"passionately about this land, the weather that shapes it, the ocean and the asymmetrical mountains that edge the coastline. This listing of the region’s physical attributes is, however, only one reason why Freymark has such a great affinity for Byron Bay. She writes also of living within a community of like-minded people who are welcoming, share the place and â€Å"look for where the connections are between us†. Together they hold a deep respect for the land a nd its original aboriginal inhabitants, they are accepting of individual identity and are â€Å"mindful of exclusion†. This understanding and acceptance fosters a strong sense of belonging to a place where Freymark â€Å"feels complete† and can see herself living â€Å"†¦ until the day I die. Conclusion for belonging through understanding: It is evident that communication is a means of understanding and that it is through communication and acceptance that belonging is nourished and developed. These ideas are represented in the texts â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle† and â€Å"Be My Brother†. An in-depth study of the anthology â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle† and the short movie â€Å"Be My Brother†, highlights the way in which a sense of belonging can either be enhanced or restricted through the interactions that people have with others and the degree to which they feel understood and accepted for who they are – culturally or even intellectu ally. Conclusion for belonging to places: Through the examination of the chosen texts, it can be seen that belonging to a place is fostered by either a sense of familiarity or based on common similarities and our interactions with each other. Because of his attachment to his Polish friends and the love and familiarity he has for his home and garden, Feliks is able to create a place within which he feels happy and secure. In â€Å"Making sense of this place†, Susannah Freymark experiences a strong attachment and sense of belonging to Byron Bay not only because of the affinity she feels for the physical beauty of the region itself, but also because of the inclusive and welcoming attitude of the community and the likenesses she shares with the other residents of the town. However, Richard in â€Å"Be My Brother†, is denied this sense of belonging to place as both his own brother and the community at large, reject him because of his individuality and his mental disability. This negative interaction and exclusion results in his dislocation and detachment. How to cite Belonging Essay, Essays Belonging Essay Free Essays How do your texts explore the nature of true belonging? Many texts convey the true nature of belonging as bringing repercussions, resulting in consequence. Also suggested in many texts is the idea of a strong sense of identity leads to the attainment of true belonging. Selected poems from Peter Skzrynecki’s â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle,† Noel Gay’s play â€Å"Me and My Girl† and Michael Radford’s film interpretation of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Merchant of Venice† all portray the idea of belonging requiring sacrifice and necessitating a strong sense of identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peter Skzrynecki’s poems depict the idea that one individuals belonging may be at the expense of another’s. Peter conveys his parents’ sacrifice of his belonging in order for them to attain true belonging. His father is portrayed as truly belonging to his culture and being content, in a way the poet feels he has never experienced. This is clearly demonstrated in Feliks Skzrynecki, where the poet suggests envy of his father. Happy as I have never been† suggests while Peter may have a level of belonging to Australia, he never had the same level of belonging or contentment as his father who, through the creation of his polish enclave, among other things, has attained true belonging. This true belonging is achieved through what the poet perceives a sacrifice of his own chance of belonging. St Patrick’s College also illustrates the poet’s belief that his mother’s actions had resulted in negative consequences for him. The poet conveys his cynical view of his mother’s actions, when he says â€Å"wanting only ‘what was best’† clearly portraying the differences in the two generations ideas of true belonging. Skzrynecki also conveys his lack of belonging in the poem, contrasting the routine with which he undertook every school day â€Å"for eight years† against his true feelings about it, â€Å"†¦ like a foreign tourist. † This comparison portrays his overall feelings of the lack of belonging to Australia. The portrayal that an individual’s true belonging may come at the expense of another’s effectively conveys the nature of true belonging requiring sacrifice. Skzrynecki’s text and Noel Gay’s play Me and My Girl both convey the idea of inherited belonging to culture. Both portray belonging as innate from birth. The poem Migrant Hostel indicates a sense of belonging as a group, one which Peter has been born into. â€Å"We lived like birds of passage† indicates this sense of belonging together. The use of â€Å"we,† the first person plural as a contrast with some of his other poems where he is portrayed as an outsider, signifies his membership to this group. Peter Skzrynecki’s poems illustrates the desire for ‘true belonging’ comes at a price, as he must conform to Australia or belong nowhere. The poem Feliks Skzrynecki’s highlights the author’s link to his Polish culture and homeland, a link his father shares. This is evident in the lines â€Å"I inherited unknowingly† demonstrating the supposed true belonging that succeeds from birth. The decision to separate from the ‘inherited’ belonging however is emphasised in the final allusion of the poem â€Å"further and further south of Hadrian’s Wall. † This suggests a natural drifting as a result of the generational gap between Peter and his parents, illustrating the idea children will drift from their parents. Peter chooses to separate himself from his family in the hope of attaining ‘true belonging’ in Australia. Similarly, Sally does the same thing. Me and My Girl portrays the idea that true belonging is contingent on what you are, however modifications can result in belonging elsewhere. Sally finds her true place of belonging with the love of her life – Bill. She sacrifices her inherited belonging to Lambeth, illustrated in her exchange with Sir John where he suggests they make her â€Å"fit and proper† and she agrees to go to Mayfair. The exchange between Sally and Sir John suggests Sally’s sacrifice in an attempt to find true belonging for herself and Bill in Mayfair. Peter Skzrynecki’s poems and Me and My Girl both convey ideas of inherited belonging being sacrificed in order to attain belonging elsewhere. Me and My Girl clearly portrays the idea a strong sense of identity leads to belonging. Bill and Sally belong truly to Lambeth shown chiefly through the song â€Å"The Lambeth Walk. † The upbeat rhythm and invitational language suggests an ease of belonging, outlining Bill’s identity as a Lambeth man. The musical fanfare combined with the inclusive language â€Å"You’ll find us all doing the Lambeth walk† emphasises the identity of the Lambeth community. The sense of familiarity, unity and consistency throughout the song, illustrated in the line â€Å"every night and every day† highlights there is nothing sporadic about Lambeth – it is the way things are and you can count on it, suggesting a strong sense of true belonging as a community. The play, however also conveys Bill’s sacrifice of parts of his cultural identity in order to receive social and financial gain. Sally truly belongs with Bill, so although more reluctant to sacrifice aspects of her identity, she sacrifices it for Bill. She is willing, as demonstrated in the denouement of the play. The play highlights that for Bill and Sally, it might not be true and total belonging, but it is a sense of place in Mayfair society that they’ve earned, with some sacrifice, however also insisting on compromise on the part of the Mayfair crowd. Through the portrayal of identity as necessary to truly belong, Me and My Girl clearly demonstrates the nature of true belonging. The Merchant of Venice conveys the idea that although people may sacrifice everything in the hope of truly belonging, this sense of belonging is not always attained. The scene portraying Jessica’s escape emphasises the numerous sacrifices she makes in order to belong to another ‘group. ’ Due to her disillusionment with her father, who seems to have her locked away, she begins seeking something more liberal. Her escape first and foremost symbolises her sacrifice of identity, of the bond with her father and her religion, in order to gain a new love and most importantly, a new place to belong, a new cultural identity. Significant in the escape is her male attire, which further emphasises her willingness to ‘shed’ her true identity and assume another. The casket she passes down symbolises her giving away of her religious identity, in stark contrast to her father’s words later â€Å"I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkey’s† highlighting his cherishing of the ring as a symbol he shared with his wife. The robbery of the ducats further emphasises she is robbing her father of herself and their bond. In the final scene, however, Jessica is alone, fingering the ring which symbolises a lost bond and the temple she no longer belongs to. The look of despair in the close shot of her face, combined with the pan out to the taller, greater surroundings suggests an unfamiliarity; her ‘smallness’ in this setting indicating her sense of not belonging although she sacrificed so much. Ironically, Jessica has traded her father, religion and identity where she truly belonged for a ‘true belonging’ which seems absent in this final scene. Therefore, it is evident that although one may sacrifice aspects of their life to gain true belonging, they may never attain it. Selected poems from Peter Skzrynecki’s â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle,† Noel Gay’s play â€Å"Me and My Girl† and Michael Radford’s film interpretation of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Merchant of Venice† all portray the idea true belonging requires a strong sense of identity and in some cases sacrifice. All of these texts explore elements of what it means to truly belong and the sacrifices that may lead to this belonging, or in some cases, an inability to belong after sacrifice. How to cite Belonging Essay, Essay examples Belonging Essay Free Essays Connection is the restorative force by which individuals reaffirm or transform their identities. Ultimately, it is the ability to form meaningful and sustaining relationships that allows individuals to assess and affirm their values. Raimond Gaita’s memoir, â€Å"Romulus, My Father† (RMF), Evan Hunters short story â€Å"On the Sidewalk Bleeding’ (OTSB), and â€Å"The Oasis†, a Shark Island Documentary, explore this notion through employing the universal themes of compassion, alienation and love as they enrich characters sense of hope, significance, comfort and security- fundamental to a sense of belonging, or paradoxically lead to a sense of isolation and exclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now RMF explores the catalytic nature of relationships in constructing an imperative sense of significance, comfort and security, through examining the themes of love, compassion and alienation. This is reflected through the contrast between Romulus’ â€Å"life, his values, his friendship with Hora and marriage to Milka†, and his relationship with his first wife, Christine. Romulus and Christine’s relationship is based on an â€Å"unrealistic hope†, and a tremulous love, recognised and expressed by Raimond in his narration as â€Å"naive†. This is supported by his description of Christine as â€Å"a troubled city girl†¦[who] couldn’t settle in a.. landscape that highlighted her isolation†, the contrast of which emphasises her destructive inability to form satisfying relationships, alienating her from Romulus, Raimond and the sense of security and comfort implicated by the notion of a united family. This is emphasised as Christine â€Å"stood separately, weeping bitterly† at Mitru’s funeral, with use of emotive language to craft an image of isolation, conveying the impacts of alienation and loss on her temperament. By contrast, Raimond, Romulus and Hora come to share an ingrained sense of idealistic congruency, â€Å"I learnt from them the connection between individuality and†¦Otherness†. Here, â€Å"Otherness† – an allusion to 20th Century European philosophy – is paired with the connotations of â€Å"individuality† to highlight the fact that Romulus and Hora’s relationship is based upon an analogous self-conception, which acts to reaffirm Romulus’s values and beliefs. Most importantly these shared ideals, spawning from their â€Å"unqualified sense of common humanity†, help shape young Raimond’s perception of acceptance, as well as their aphoristic belief that â€Å"only†¦rigorous truthfulness could give†¦strength of character† – the universality of which transcends all three men’s subjective experiences to confirm their identities as part of a significant, secure relationship. Romulus also extends this to his relationship with Milka, which is centred upon a common appreciation of honesty and compassion. This is shown through his description of her as, â€Å"not too tall†¦short†¦fat†¦thin†, whose accumulative juxtaposition of negations stresses his attraction to her both in appearance and â€Å"in personality† – a notion which is developed by Milka’s frank admission, â€Å"She told him she couldn’t cook†¦he replied it didn’t matter†. Here, along with the qualification, â€Å"his respect†¦was unusual in husbands of his vintage†, Milka’s assertion in â€Å"couldn’t cook† emphasises the contextual differences their relationship has from both Romulus’ previous marriage to Christine and mainstream society through the altruistic strength of its values. Ultimately accentuating the deep satisfaction and sense of comfort that they share, this is affirmed by Romulus’ assertion, â€Å"Nothing could compromise the intrinsic good of†¦having found each other†. Similarly OTSB explores the value of relationships in restructuring and corroborating ideals and self perceptions, by providing console and a sanctuary for hope and growth of character. The protagonist’s affectionate relationship with his girlfriend Laura, who shares a bond with Andy centred on love and compassion, acts as the equilibrium between Andy’s gang related life and his true self. The relationship provides Andy with the inner-unity required for strength or character, allowing him to challenge his mediocre life with dreams that give him purpose, and a hope that â€Å"Someday he would marry her, and they would have a lot of kids, and then they would get out of the neighbourhood†. The connotations of ‘marriage’, paired with the symbolic reference of children highlights Andy’s devotion to the notion of family and the sense of security and worth it provides. The strength of their attachment and the significance their compassionate relationship engenders, fashions a sense of emancipation for Andy, sanctioning the removal of his gang jacket â€Å"which had only one meaning.. a very simple meaning†¦the meaning of nothing†. The accumulative repetition and personification of the jacket ubstantiates it as a tangible image, symbolic of Andy’s internal conflict, and his ability to exonerate himself of it is metaphorical for the value Andy places on their relationship, further emphasising its significance in restructuring Andy’s identity and providing the sense of worth, console and hope, fundamental to a sense of belonging. Likewise ‘The Oasis’ examines the significance of relationships in shaping our identity t hrough the assessment and confirmation of values. These relationships are often structured on reliance and support which allow an individual to achieve security, significance and his/her true potential. The audience is first introduced to the protagonist Paul, a Salvation Army worker, through an establishing shot of him walking down a main road against the flow of traffic. A visual metaphor for his desperate struggle to reinstate and sense of purpose and moral integrity in the disadvantaged youth, reinforced by the vectors of his downcast gaze. The metaphor â€Å"Paul is their lifeline† juxtaposed with the dramatic image of Paul holding children’s hands on the edge of a cliff, reinforces the significance of youth connection to the Salvation Army’s centre and exemplifies the danger of â€Å"children slipping through societies safety nets†. Paul’s intention to revolutionise the self conceptions of homeless youth becomes symbolic of the metaphorical safety nets of society. This is evident as he attempts to connect youth with Religion, to give them a sense of metaphysical importance, emphasised through a montage of baptisms highlighting the amalgamation of the Bibles morals with youth identity. Therefore†¦. Hence, â€Å"RMF†, â€Å"OTSW† and â€Å"The Oasis† each support the notion of connection as a restorative force by which individuals assess and affirm their values, and thus reform their identities. By employing common universal themes such as love, hope, alienation and compassion, each text effectively demonstrates the necessity of security, comfort and significance in achieving a sense of belonging, and how these may be attained through relationships. How to cite Belonging Essay, Essays

Whats Makes You Unique free essay sample

I like options, I like security, and I like power. With these wants, I knew at a very early age that I would enter business and thus I attended a college that specializes in the subject. In my first position out of school, I was hired by Dunhill Equities as a cold-caller. After several weeks of being hung up on by angry prospects, I decided that this career path would not lead me to success. I then moved within the firm to a position as sales assistant. While this was by no means my dream job, I learned a tremendous amount about business, and I gained useful exposure to the world of finance. Unfortunately, the company hit a period of instability, and after ten months I transferred with my boss to Coleman Company. Thirteen months later, that company also began to fail, and I began to search for another path to advancement. We will write a custom essay sample on Whats Makes You Unique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With two strikes against me, I hit a home run and was hired by Sanford Bernstein into a challenging job with limitless opportunity for growth. After almost three years at Bernstein, I am once again seeking career advancement. My education and work experience have provided me with an excellent introduction to business, and they have sparked my interest in finance. Taking into consideration my foundation and my interests, graduate business school is the next logical step. At this point in my life, I consider a Stern MBA to be necessary since I need to gain a broader understanding of finance and to sharpen my analytical skills in order to be successful in corporate finance. Stern’s MBA program will allow me to concentrate in finance, strengthen my global business perspective, and provide me with the opportunity to study with and learn from people with varied backgrounds. The school’s location in the financial capital of the world and in one of the most diverse cities in the world also suits me perfectly. Aside from advancing my career, I would also like to develop personally. In college I did not join many clubs or organizations, and I did not participate in sports. Instead, I spent all my time studying, working, or dealing with family issues. Having been away from home and living in New York City for four years, I feel the need to make a name for myself and to develop a meaningful social life. I want to take advantage of the many benefits that extracurricular activities offer, and I want to be involved in the Stern community. Upon graduation from the Stern School, I will seek a position as an associate within the corporate finance department of a large, Wall Street, investment-banking firm. In three to five years, once I have become adept in financial analyses, drafting prospectuses, preparing business presentations and other financial advisory work, I will move into a senior associate position. Here I will develop my abilities to anticipate client needs and to engineer solutions that address these needs. In approximately 10 years, I will have the experience necessary to take on upper-level management responsibilities.

Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love Essay Example

Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love Paper Song Runaway Love Analysis The song our group chose to analyze and apply sociological concepts is Runaway Love by Ludacris featuring Mary J. Blige. This music video talks a lot about the struggles that some teenage girls face throughout life and their solution to solve it: running away. Throughout the video Ludacris, the storyteller, or rapper, talks about parents utilizing drugs, ignoring and neglecting their child, having to decide whether they can tell their parent they’re pregnant and children running away to avoid their problems and tormentors. The song was released in 2006 and is a little old, but many of the issues addressed in the video still happen today. In the first verse, Ludacris talks about Lisa. Lisa is a nine year old girl, who is growing up in an environment where she is being neglected and abused. I’ve chosen three concepts that I feel represent her story and describe what is going on. For my first concept, I was able to apply the concept of anomie. I chose this concept because Lisa doesn’t feel comfortable in her current social environment. Lisa has never met her family and doesn’t know her father, and her mother is never around. When her mother is around it is always with a strange man she is bringing home late at night. These men always end up fighting and arguing with Lisa’s mother, making her feel even more lost (Ludacris, 0:49). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the video, this can be portrayed when Lisa is on her bed laying down and staring at the ceiling with a blank expression or watching her mother being abused through the kitchen doorway. The next concept is sexual harassment. In the video we see that Lisa is raped by one of the men that her mother brings home. While her mother is asleep, the man sneaks into her room and rapes her. In the song it is told that she tries to resist, but is beat by her rapist (Ludacris, 0:54). This is the unwelcome sexual advancement. Domestic violence is also prevalent.

How to Effectively Use Dialect in Fiction Writing

How to Effectively Use Dialect in Fiction Writing Dialect can be a powerful tool to help writers bring the characters they have created to life. A writer might use dialect, along with accent, to distinguish a characters unique way of speaking- and in doing so, illustrate their place of origin, cultural background, or social class. It is critically important to use this device with sensitivity, as imprudent application can do more harm than good.In the past, writers often used dialect in a way that devolved into stereotypes and other offensive characterizations- something that is unacceptable to todays readers- and also frequently impacted readability. While writers still use dialect today to create believable, authentic characters, the rules surrounding its use have changed and writers should be careful to avoid missteps.Dialect vs. accentBefore we delve into the topic, its important to understand what dialect is, and how it differs from accent. Dialect, according to Merriam-Webster, is a regional variety of language distinguished b y features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language. Accent, on the other hand, refers to an individuals distinctive or characteristic inflection, tone, or choice of words. Essentially, accent is the specific part of dialect that relates to how something is pronounced, so a characters accent is, therefore, part of his dialect.Is it necessary?As the use of dialect in your writing can be a double-edged sword, its important to first ask yourself if it is absolutely necessary for your characterization process. This website suggests that an easy way to determine whether you really need to use dialect is to answer the following questions:Is dialect integral to the story (for example, is it used to reinforce the main characters outsider status in a close-knit regional community)?Are there stereotypical expressions associated with the accent or dialect you should take care to contextualize, use sparingly or avoid?NowNovel.comA more considered approachOnce you have determined that dialect is truly necessary for your writing, you need to find a way to maintain your characters authenticity without crossing the line into caricature. This is especially a concern if the character you are creating is part of a culture other than your own.One way writers are circumventing this issue is the use of what is known as eye-dialect, which are nonstandard spellings of words that represent standard pronunciations. These words are pronounced phonetically the exact same way as the original word. In a dialect of people living in the Southern United States, some examples of eye-dialect might be: fur (for), tu (to), frum (from), deth (death), wuz (was), uv (of), and sez (says).When the reader sees the words, although they are slightly misspelled, they are easy to read because the misspellings are phonetically pronounced the same way the correct spelling is pronounced. Therefore, as the reader is reading th e words aloud in his or her mind, there is a natural connection and understanding that takes place. This stylistic choice the author made serves three functions:It makes it easier for the reader to read and understand.There is still characterization happening.As it is spoken and the misspelling is the authors choice (rather than the speakers), there is no insinuation regarding the class or education status of the speaker.In her thesis entitled Writing in Dialect in Fiction: A History and Study, childrens author Jennifer Sommer writes: The perpetual dilemma for the writer is to determine how far to go in accuracy in dialect without losing the reader.Throughout her thesis, Sommer traces the progression of the use of dialect throughout American literary history to the present day, where she admits there is much conflict for writers who seek to create authentic characters without crossing the lines of caricature through dialect. As an example of modern literature that gets it right, she mentions the book Somewhere in the Darkness by Walter Dean Myers, a book set in the Bronx with African American characters. She notes that the change in dialogue to reflect characterization is minimal, yet effective. Specifically, she discusses how the use of language in dialogue immediately causes the reader to begin reading the dialogue with understanding of the accent, especially through dropping certain words, using aint, and incorporating short, choppy sentences, without turning the characters into provincial curiosities:Day before yesterday, Maurice said. But check this out. Tony just nicked the dude and he was screaming and carrying on like he had stabbed him through the heart or something.No lie?Yeah, hey, look, you want to play some ball tonight?I dont know.You give up ball or something, man? Maurice looked at him sideways. We playing Richie and his crew.Ill see how Im feeling, Jimmy said.You aint going to play, Maurice said. You getting to be another jive dude, man.Somewh ere in the Darkness by Walter Dean MyersThis passage, in contrast to passages written in earlier, more controversial works like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, show how dialect can be successfully used in fiction without going overboard, and thus creating caricatures or racially-charged stereotypes. Particularly, it can be accomplished through slang, eye-dialect, and dialogue that focuses more on syntax (the arrangement of words) than phonetic reinventions of words.When phonetic reinventions of words are used in the extreme, as exemplified in some early American literature, the result is a character that is portrayed as highly uneducated and of lower social status. This use of language can come across as offensive and stereotypical, thereby ruining an otherwise great story. In modern writing, the best way to avoid these problems is moderation and careful consideration of the connotations of a dialects use.Applying the new rulesA contemporary author who applies the new rules of d ialogue well is J.K. Rowling. Take, for instance, the dialogue of Hagrid, one of the most beloved characters of her Harry Potter series:I am what I am, an Im not ashamed. Never be ashamed, my ol dad used ter say, theres some wholl hold it against you, but theyre not worth botherin with. An he was right.Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. RowlingHagrids dialect helps to build his character and distinguish him from other characters throughout the series. However, instead of being over-the-top and difficult to read, the dialogue that Rowling writes for Hagrid contains more eye-dialect and syntax variation than other characters. These small changes are enough to allow Hagrids voice to take on an authentic West Country English accent, as discussed in this article. Author J.K. Rowlings use of dialect for the character of Hagrid helps distinguish him from other characters.Author J.K. Rowlings use of dialect for the character of Hagrid helps distinguish him from other characters.Bes t practices for composing dialectAs a conclusion to Sommers thesis on dialect, the author offers several suggestions for maintaining authenticity of character dialect without veering into the realm of caricature or overt racism. Included in those suggestions, she posits that authors should:Avoid respellings that would mislead readers about the status of the speaker.Pepper a narrative with occasional uses of the dialect. For example, to illuminate a Cajun character, you might reference items specific to that culture such as jambalaya (a traditional Cajun dish), employ greetings and kinship terms that use non-standard English, such as, Hey Grand-pere (how a Cajun grandson might greet his grandfather), or incorporate Cajun French phrases like tu connais (you know), mais yeah (but yes), and cher/chere (dear) throughout the text.Let the reader know explicitly when the characters have changed language, such as Here the speaker turned to Jean Thompson, and changed his speech to English let ting the reader know exactly how educated or literate the character is when speaking in Standard English.Use well-known sentence structure (syntax) that exemplifies the dialect, such as in Cajun, Why should I be ashame of that, me?Writing in Dialect in Fiction: A History and Study, a thesis by Jennifer SommerFurther, Sommer agrees that the best person to write dialect is someone who grew up or lives within the particular area or subculture that uses it. In such, a writer such as Paul Lawrence Dunbar was (in a sense) justified in using African American dialect in his writing, while Mark Twain was not. This could potentially explain why Twains books have been banned in several places because the diction (word choice) and dialect used were considered offensive and unsuitable for a more informed, aware, modern audience.A final noteUltimately, dialect via uncommon syntax and alternate spelling of words can be a compelling way to differentiate characters and build characterization- as lon g as its use is limited, readability is maintained, and careful consideration is given to how it is applied.

What is the EU a trading area or an enlarged European State Should Dissertation

What is the EU a trading area or an enlarged European State Should Turkey allowed to join the club - Dissertation Example The so-called Kemalist ideology of Turkey is based on the philosophies developed by Kemal Ataturk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey (1923-1938). His ambition was to modernise the nation and, thereby, launch Turkey into mainstream Western culture.Ever since the foundation of modern day Turkey in 1923, this country with a predominantly Muslim population has been a secular democracy closely aligned with the West. Turkey was a founding member of the United Nations, and has been a member of NATO since 1952, the Council of Europe since 1949, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) since 1961 and an associate member of the Western European Union since 1992. Ankara chose to begin co-operating closely with the then European Economic Community (EEC) in 1959, and Turkey's prospective membership of the EEC's successor, the European Union, has been a source of much debate ever since. Turkey's relationship with the EEC was legally sanctioned in 1963 when it si gned an Association Agreement with the EU. This is the first preliminary step on the path to full membership. Since then, Turkish hopes have been put on hold, particularly following its invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the military coup of 1980.A major turning point for Turkey's EU prospects was the decision reached at the Helsinki Summit in December 1999 to grant official candidate status to the country. In the period between 1999 and 2004, Turkey took great steps in order to meet the Copenhagen criteria, especially regarding stable institutions, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and the protection of minorities. A key step in this process was the signing of the protocol on the de facto abolition of the death penalty. The European Council decided in December 2004 to open accession negotiations with Turkey in October the following year. Nevertheless, practical negotiations on the 35 chapters of the ‘acquis communautaire’ only began in June 2006. From the very beginnings of the creation of the European Union, Turkey has shown a keen interest in the integration process in Europe and, indeed has considered becoming a member of EU to be a logical consequence of its modernisation and Westernisation policies. Consequently, it came as no surprise when Turkey applied for associate membership in 1959 and went on to sign the Ankara Agreement with the EU in 1963, an agreement which not only recognised Turkey’s eligibility to participate in European integration but explicitly envisaged Turkey’s eventual full membership of the EU. EU-Turkey relations have, however, experienced serious difficulties resulting from the essential incompatibility of both parties’ policies with the declared objectives of their Association agreement. In particular, it seems unlikely that the ultimate objectives of the Association Agreement –Turkish accession to the EU – will be achieved in the foreseeable future. On the one hand, this is b ecause the EU has always considered Turkey to be an awkward candidate for EU membership: turkey is different, problematic and thus, by implication, a more difficult case than any other applicants. The EU scepticism towards the prospect of Turkish membership can be seen in its policies, which have basically south to maintain and strengthen the existing Association Agreement. However, this has been inadequate to prepare Turkey for EU membership. In fact, the EU has developed an alternative approach towards Turkey, which can be best described as containment strategy, designed to delay indefinitely the prospect of membership while keeping Turkey within economic, security and political sphere of influence of the EU. This paper argued that the EU has treated Turkey differently compared to the other applicant countries in the present enlargement round. In this respect, before further exploring this argument, there seems to be an important question remaining: Why should the EU treat all app licants ‘fairly’ in the enlargement process? In this respect, the question might arise as to

Summary of a Professional Ethics Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Summary of a Professional Ethics Article - Essay Example This is quite synonymous to the fact that every citizen can avail medical facilities when they require it. In the United States, there are several active private organizations that are providing legal services to the general public on a very low price. Their charges are not dependent on the market price. Government is also taking an active part in providing legal facilities to the citizens where they cannot afford one. In order to determine who provisions these legal services, the author has taken a few assumptions. One such assumption involves that the community has accepted an adversary system. The adversarial system involves having advocates from both parties and then having a judge or a jury decides what is right (Corrin,  2004, p.  3). It is assumed that the citizens will have 4 basic rights: Every citizen is entitled to log a complaint to a judge or a tribunal, once a complaint is logged, the other party has to come in front of the court and explain their actions, they have a right to unanimously agree on the decision the judge has made and if the complaining party wishes, they can have the decision implemented. Since the judge is only involved for the decision making process, it is also assumed that the parties will gather their evidences (Richards & Rathbun,  1999, p.  6). It is also assumed that the judge has a responsibility to provide a healthy space for both parties to present their arguments, to give a fair decision, to make the rule applicable for all future similar cases and to explain their reasoning process to make it understandable to both parties involved why that specific decision was taken. This system relies on both parties to unanimously agree with the decision placed by the judge and the judge to be impartial (Glendon, Wright-Carozza, & Picker,  2008, p.  101). Once the judicial system is setup, it is important to understand the need for the community to be well aware of their rights to avoid injustice.

Superstitions of the Elizabethan Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Superstitions of the Elizabethan Era - Essay Example Fear of the supernatural and man's anxiety about the nature of God during this period promoted the belief in superstition. A central figure in the superstitions of the Elizabethan era was the witch. The belief that witches were largely responsible for bringing bad events to a community brought out the superstition that they were able to fly and had magical powers. Though superstition was officially discounted by the royalty as a belief of the commoners, in 1562 Queen Elizabeth I passed a severe law against witches that led to widespread witch hunts and the persecution of anyone believed to be involved with witchcraft (Elizabethan Superstitions). These harsh actions may have been the result of the severe weather beginning in 1562 in Europe (Behringer). The public was looking for someone to blame for the hailstorms and frigid weather and during this period, weather making was "the most important charge against suspected witches" (Behringer). This superstition is carried over today with the fear of anyone who has 'a dark cloud hanging over them'. Superstition was often thought to be the property of the more ignorant classes, and most of the fear was directed at that class. However, Holliday notes that, "[...] even though the upper class discount the stories of the commoners, they themselves were taught the same stories. Most upper class families hired lower class nurses for the early rearing of their children". The stories were the primary method of education and were rich with superstition and witchcraft. Often passed along by the old wives to the children, this became the origin of the often-used phrase 'old wives tale' that is still in use today. Though the subject of superstition may be viewed as rather innocuous, during the time of Elizabeth it was a serious subject. During that period almost 250 witches were executed, mostly poor single women who lived alone (Elizabethan Superstition). Many superstitions that are harbored today have been carried over from the Elizabethan period and many were founded in some realm of truth. Spilling salt was considered bad luck during the Elizabethan period and this attitude was passed on to children. This belief had a practical use as the cost of salt was high and the desire for it was great (Elizabethan Superstitions). It was also believed that witches could brew magic potions. In fact, many elixirs, potions, and cures were brewed from herbs then and still are today. Usually herbs would have a particular lore that went with their possession. Mandrake, often used in rituals, was known to grow under gallows and was said to have, "shrieked so horribly that uprooted anyone hearing it would go mad" (Simpson and Roud, 224). The present day superstition that makes walking under a ladder unlucky is also traced to the Elizabethan era. Ladders were associated with hangings and executions and were naturally seen as a bad omen (Elizabethan Su perstitions). Often times, superstition would involve objects found in nature. According to Simpson and Roud, "The cuckoo's habit of laying eggs in the nests of other birds explains why its cry was regarded, in medieval and Elizabethan times, as mocking cuckold

Indian Cinema And Its Impact On Society Film Studies Essay

Indian Cinema And Its Impact On Society Film Studies Essay In our society there are many practices and traditions which are based on ignorance and which have withheld the progress of our society. Rigidity of caste system, untouchability, dowry system and purdah system have done enormous harm to our society. Cinema films can do a lot to eradicate these evils. They can be used for promoting national integration, Prohibition, intercaste marriages, family planning, eradication of illiteracy, etc. Such themes can help the transformation of our society. The cinema can be used as an instrument to help people get rid of obscurantism and also to guide them along the right path. It can help in remov ­ing ignorance from our society. Not only this, several much needed social reforms can be introduced and brought about with the help of the cinema. http://essaysandarticles.com/science/the-cinema%E2%80%94-its-impact-on-society/ There are variable views about the effects of cinema. Producers and financiers consider it as a tempting and lucrative business. For actors and actresses, it is a means to earn money and popularity among masses. The director, story-writer, song-writer and cinematographer take it as an art work. To some, it is an audio-visual translation of literatures and has its own message. As for government, it is a potential source of revenue and employment. For majority of cinema-goers, it is nothing but a cheap and interesting form of entertainment and pastime. Whatever may be the reason, cinema has occupied a major share of market for its cine lovers. http://www.preservearticles.com/201106127879/essay-on-the-effect-of-cinema-on-our-society.html Indian Cinema: Since its beginning with the film Raja Harish Chandra (1913), the cinema has remained the most powerful media for mass communication in India. Since its beginning with the film Raja Harish Chandra (1913), the cinema has remained the most powerful media for mass communication in India. Cinema has the ability to combine entertainment with communication of ideas. It has the potential appeal for its audience. It certainly leaves other media far behind in making such an appeal. As in literature, cinema has produced much which touches the innermost layers of the man. It mirrors the episodes in such a manner that leaves an impact on the coming generations. Cinema presents an image of the society in which it is born and the hopes, aspirations, frustration and contradictions present in any given social order. In the present era, cinema is getting replaced by small screen productions. Televised serials and programmes are replacing craze. They advertise and earn revenue for industry. Thus films telecast has become a source of further income for the industry and trade. Man has instincts, different thoughts flow which leave an effect on the minds. The person laughs with the films and tears with them. Scenes of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, a film by Raj Kumar Santoshi and Manoj Goswami makes people national-minded and sentimentally involved in the film show. The fim dialogues are occupying places in our real life. Dialogues of Mugle Azam found place in the normal interaction of people for a long time. People talked and walked like Prithvi Raj, the great king Akbar. In the same way, plays by Agha Hashat and Devdas by Sharat Chandra left a deep impact on the masses. In the same way, film Sholey created an imending effect on so many. http://www.preservearticles.com/201106127879/essay-on-the-effect-of-cinema-on-our-society.html Example of Bengali Cinema and how it portrays: Realism and Modernity are two words closely associated with Bengali cinema. Some of the greatest and among the most popular filmmakers of Bengal took realist genre of films to a new height, alongside reflecting modernist ideas. Realism and modernity go hand-in-hand in Bengali films, especially in the work of greats like Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak. Although defining modernity would mean at least a few more pages, for the sake of this essay, we would deduct it down to merely social, political and artistic modernization. Satyajit Rays magnum opus Pather Pancheli is one of the greatest examples of realist films portraying various elements of modernity. Inspired by Italian neo-realism (especially Vittorio De Siccas Bicycle Thief, 1948), Ray created his first film and a masterpiece reflecting the evolution and social change in Bengal and a modernization of ideas and concepts. In Pather Panchali, Ray talks about leaving old ideas behind and moving on. He talks about how over time, old ways of living, ancestral ideas and traditional lifestyle has become stale and needs to be changed. Apu, with his family, leaves his home and village at the end because the ancestral house held them behind. They moved to find a better way of living. They moved to get rid of the old house which couldnt help them in any way, but instead took their daughters life. This whole film is a transition from pre-modern to a modern way of living. Ray distributes several metaphors throughout the film metaphors of modernity and need for change. One important character which served as a metaphor for me was that of the old aunt. Shes old, tired and just wanders around the house doing nothing. Shes often told to go indicating shes not wanted in the house. The family is fed up of her just as theyre fed up of traditions and the same lifestyle theyd been living in the fear of famine, poverty and survival. The old aunt wanders, trying to find a place for herself, and when she doesnt, she dies. Ray shows death of old ideas. Ray wants change. He shows a need for change and a breakaway from traditions which are holding you back. He wants to show theres always a need for change. The old aunt is a mere metaphor for him to show how traditions have become stale. Charulata (1964), another one of the great films by Ray, also talks about change. But here, he sets it in an upper middle class Bengali society where a lonely housewife falls in love with her brother-in-law while they both encourage each other to write. He puts two different ideas of home and desire, literature and politics, pre-modernism and modernity face-to-face. Rays films have a humanistic touch. He uses his craft to get to the deepest part of human heart and extract out the emotions from there. Scenes like Apu throwing away the necklace Durga had stolen, Amal leaving home to avoid being unfaithful, Durga stealing food for her aunt add to the humanistic approach of Satyajit Rays work. Neo-realism is another thing that inspired Ray. According to me, its mainly because his stories were about society. He couldnt have made them in a fictional style because then they wouldnt be relevant to the society. His stories were not meant to be mere films, but a reality somewhere in time which needed to be imitated in Bengali society and which was a reflection of the same society he lived in. His characters were sketches of real people. They were close to real. For example, when you think Durga, you dont think of her as a two-dimensional good or evil character, but as a girl who existed and had different attributes to her personality just like everybody else. She wasnt a puppet. Similarly, Ritwik Ghataks films introduced different modern themes to the evolving society of Bengal such as alienation, isolation, need for home. In one of his most personal and also socially relevant films Ajantrik, Ghatak introduces the concept of alienation and isolation from the society. He shows a mans attachment to his car, an inanimate object and a troubled social life where he cant connect well to the people around him. Scenes like where the character Bimal is talking to his car, the car responding to him, him taking care of the car like a companion and not caring about what his society says, show how important a character Jagaddal (the car) is. Ghatak doesnt treat the car as a prop, but as a character itself. He tries to show the cars point of view; he wants to make us feel its presence thus implying the fact how relations have also evolved along with modernization of ideas and society; how people have become more involved with their property rather than fellow human beings. Similarly, in Subarnarekha (1965), Ghatak reflects on the feeling of home (along with many other sub-themes such as happiness, relations). His work has been about change, modernity and its effects and mainly, how partition has affected society and Ghatak himself. In Subarnarekha, he tells a story of a family moving to the bank of Subarnarekha River after the partition and how the girl Sita seeks happiness throughout the film. Moreover, he tells of her feeling at the new home. The river becomes the new home for her who she confides in her secrets, woes and happiness. From what I observed in Ghataks films, he believes that society has changed from being a community to more of a collective living of different individuals. I observed individualism in his work, and how people have turned from their fellows to nature or man-made beauty whether it is mountains and rivers to cars and property. I think there are many modernist elements found in both Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghataks films ranging from their content and themes (home, anthropomorphism, modernity itself) to their craft (use of POV shots, different style of cinematography, manipulating space and even the use of Brechtian elements). Conclusion It is always good and well groomed to see good subjects on cinema. They have a very positive and long-lasting effect on the minds whereas cheap and shabby movies affect the tender minds of audience very badly. There is general feeling that present day crimes are all due to effects of cinema. Besides open and demonstrative subjects throw tarnished messages. They spoil our culture, and society. Cinema and TV badly affect the health of the youngsters. They neglect studies and physical games to spend more time on this entertainment. School-going children and society children fail to make use of good impacts and are influenced by the bad part of the programmes on the air. The motive is not to discard cinema or TV telecast so easily. The desirable act will be to selective and choosy for programmes. Good movies should be seen by the students. The movies of TV shows should be very much restricted and for a fix time. The cinema exercises a great influence on the mind of the people. It has a great educative value. It can achieve splendid results in the field of expansion of education. There are certain subjects, such as science and geography, which can be more effec ­tively taught with the help of talkies. Lessons on road sense, rules of hygiene and civic sense can be taught to the students and the public as well in a very effective manner with the help of cinema pictures. Many successful experiments have been made in various countries on the utility of films as a means of education. Feature films have been produced for school and college students and students are being benefitted by them. Cinema films have the power to influence the thinking of the people. They have changed the society and social trends. They have introduced new fashions in society. They may be described as pace-setters. They can create a direct impact on our social life. Films can go a long way towards arousing national consciousness and also in utilising the energies of the youth in social reconstruc ­tion and nation-building by a skilful adaption of good moral, social and educative themes, and by introduction of popular sentiments, films can, to a great extent, formulate and guide public opinion

The Lost Roanoke Colony Essay -- essays research papers

Jamestown is thought by most of our general population to be the first colony in the New World. This is only half true. Jamestown is considered our first successful colony, however it was not our first attempt at a colony. There were a few attempts to colonize the New World before Jamestown and one in particular that is found to be interesting is Roanoke also known as the Lost Colony. It received this name due to the fact that the colonists that settled this colony disappeared very mysteriously. This poses the question of What happened to the people of Roanoke? There are many different viewpoints of what occurred to the colonists and the goal here is to address each one of them. In England, a document signed on January 7, 1587, created a governing body called the Governor and Assistants of the City of Roanoke in Virginia. John White, an illustrator and map maker, was appointed governor. Then on May 5, 1587, eighty-five men, seventeen women, and eleven children boarded the ships heading for the New World. The plan was originally designed for the colony to settle at Chesapeake Bay, however on July 22, 1587, Simao Fernandes, the ship captain of the expedition decided to drop everyone off at Roanoke Island, the site of a previous expedition called Greenville, instead of pushing up the coast to the Chesapeake Bay. John White believed that they would reunite with the fifteen colonists left behind from the previous expedition. Instead he only found the bones of one of the men, ...

European History Essay Paper †Past Question Plans Essay

This is an ‘explain’ type question – so it’s asking you to do just that, but also a little more. Merely describing the measures Ferdinand and Isabella took to cope with various problems will get some marks, but more marks will be gained if you weigh up the outcomes of these policies, and register how successful they were. For example, you may say in the essay that Ferdinand and Isabella faced economic problems, and you may go on to explain what policy(ies) they introduced to solve the problem. This would be ‘explaining’ how they ‘dealt’ with the problem, but you can go further and say how well they dealt with it compared to other issues, etc. Also, refer to historians and what they said about how they dealt with problems. Always link back to the question. So – you must: a) Show what the problems were b) What measures they took to deal with them c) How successful these measures were, evaluating against other issues, historiographical interpretations, short-term/long-term instances. The essay: PARA 1 – WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS: i) Civil War in Aragon – decline of Barcelona, civil disorder, social unrest. ii) Lack of Grandee support for Isabella. iii) Lack of Town support for Isabella. iv) Foreign menaces. v) Religious issues – Jews, Muslims, Reconquista. PARA 2 – HOW THEY DEALT WITH THEM: i) Civil War in Aragon: well, King John of Aragon was very much in favour of a marriage alliance of Ferdinand with Isabella. John saw this as a way of engineering territorial security in area like Catalonia, keeping the French at bay. He also saw the possibility of better economic ties that would help halt the decline of Barcelona and peasant unrest. Thus, Chroniclers depicted Ferdinand – King in January 1479 – as the founder of a new Age, a ‘Messiah’. The real problems in Aragon, however, like that of town control over financial policy, were not even attempted to be sorted out until after 1479 when Ferdinand had been King for a few years. However, between 1469 and 1479, we can see the ideal behind John’s plan to marry Ferdinand and Isabella, as it was meant to give Ferdinand a better chance to reviving Aragon’s fortunes – something, in the long-term, which slowly starts to happen, for example with the emergence of town consulados, etc. ii) Lack of Grandee support for Isabella: Isabella had some Grandee support – but she needed more in order to win her succession. The succession crisis was the biggest issue, and within that, the lack of Grandee support – an important problem that needed to be addressed. So, she had to make deals to get support. She needed their support as Grandees had land, money, power and men – they could make or break a monarch. So, she bought them off: Cardinal Mendoza was promised a Chancellorship, his brother was created Duke of Infantado; Enriquez was made Admiral of Castile; Velasco made Constable of Castile. Isabella said – support me and I’ll reward you, and this is how she changed the potentially dangerous situation of only a minority of Nobles supporting her, to a majority in favour of her. iii) Lack of town support: Most towns were in revolt; many ‘bandos’ fought for their own control of the towns and cities, depriving Ferdinand and Isabella of an important power base. Isabella used a variety of techniques to overcome the problem, demonstrating her political aptitude and ability to work out different answers to varying situations. Thus, Burgos was promised Royal protection from liberty-threatening nobles after Burgos’s citizens highlighted this as a major hindrance in their supporting of Isabella. Toledo was offered extensive privileges if they submitted; Seville was threatened with financial and commercial penalties if Isabella’s right as Queen was refused there. Rodrigo declared in favour of Isabella ————————————————————————————————————————- How important was religion in influencing the policies of Ferdinand and Isabella? The only way to avoid narrative is to structure an essay properly and to focus on explaining and arguing, rather than telling the story. It takes a certain amount of courage to accept, but a shorter, focused, analytical answer is much better than a long, narrative one! If you can, use short, snappy quotations to support your analysis, rather than long factual descriptions. Clearly you understand that religion was important and since this is the factor given in the essay title, you need to deal with this in the greatest depth. A brief introduction stressing the piety of Ferdinand and (especially) Isabella (eg ref â€Å"the Catholic monarchs†, the fact that their tomb in Granada Cathedral records only their â€Å"achievements† in religion) should be an followed by an explanation of how the conquest of Granada, the establishment of religious uniformity, the reform of the Spanish Church and even the sponsorship of Columbus were motivated by religious aims. In the context of this essay, the policy of religious uniformity requires particular attention, as the implementation of this policy was politically difficult (eg opposition to the Inquisition, especially in the Aragonese kingdoms and the revolt of the Alpujarras) and economically damaging (eg the loss of the wealth and commercial skills of the Jewish community especially in Barcelona and the disruption to trade and agriculture in Granada after the expulsion of the Moors). It therefore shows the importance of religion in the formation and implementation of policy, given that Ferdinand & Isabella were willing to accept the consequent political and economic difficulties. However, to give your essay balance you will need also to explain that these â€Å"religious† policies had other aims too, given the pressing need to restore and strengthen royal authority (particularly in Castile, after the anarchy of Henry IV’s reign and the civil war). In particular, the conquest of Granada and the sponsorship of Columbus were motivated by economic aims, while the conquest and reform of the Church also had broader political aims (eg the conquest united the nobility behind the new regime and gave it a safe outlet for its aggressive instincts, while ecclesiastical reform went some way to establishing royal authority over the Spanish Church). You should conclude that this complex of motives – religious, political and economic – was inevitable, given the personality of the Catholic monarchs and the context of their reign. I hope all this helps you with your studies. Good luck! ————————————————————————————————————————- How United was Spain by 1516? The main thing with any essay is to be clear in your mind about what you are going to say. Yes, there are different interpretations but the only point of view your exam marker is really interested in is yours! So you must decide right from the beginning what you think the answer is and structure your essay accordingly. If you have time, you can include some discussion of the other views/possibilities in your conclusion! In the case of this essay, there are a number of possible answers: ie Ferdinand & Isabella united Spain more or less completely; they didn’t unite it at all; or they united it in some ways but not others. Common sense will tell you that the last approach is probably the best one! Having decided what your argument is going to be, you can say so in your introduction (ie Ferdinand & Isabella imposed religious uniformity on Spain and created a dynastic union: however measure designed to bring about closer economic ties were half-hearted at best and they never united Spain politically) and structure the rest of the essay accordingly. Start off by explaining those areas where unity was achieved, in particular the implementation of policies designed to bring about religious uniformity (conquest of Granada, expulsion of Jews and Moors, Inquisition) and the dynastic union resulting from the marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella that also enabled the Catholic Kings to pursue common military and foreign policy aims. However, you should be aware that all of this only went so far. For example, the supposedly â€Å"Spanish† conquest of Granada actually resulted in the expansion of the crown of Castile, while toleration of Moorish practices actually continued in Aragon (especially Valencia). Perhaps most telling was the fact that after Isabella’s death, Ferdinand re-married in order to prevent (unsuccessfully) Charles of Burgundy from inheriting Aragon as well as Castile. In other words, Ferdinand did not want the dynastic union created by himself and Isabella to last if it meant that their joint heir would be a Habsburg prince. Consider the economy next: â€Å"unity† is suggested by the equalisation of currencies (often referred to as the introduction of a common currency) and the introduction of a rudimentary postal service. However, internal customs barriers and regulations protecting the privileged status of â€Å"native† merchants in towns like Barcelona, Valencia and Seville remained. Finally, explain that Ferdinand & Isabella certainly didn’t unite Spain in any political sense. Indeed, they probably had no intention of ever doing so (for example they never called themselves the King and Queen of Spain!). The component kingdoms all had their own rights and privileges that made it almost impossible to rule as a single political unit . Indeed, given the potential strength of the crown in Castile (and the weakness of royal authority in Aragon) Ferdinand & Isabella wisely concentrated on restoring the authority of the crown there, leaving Aragon more or less to its own devices. Apart from the Inquisition, there were no common political, administrative, legal or military institutions and the rights of the Aragonese kingdoms, Navarre and the Basque Provinces were fully respected (apart from the imposition of the Inquisition). Conclude this section of your essay by referring to events after Isabella’s death, when Ferdinand was seen as a â€Å"foreign† ruler with no rights in Castile and was consequently excluded from the government of the country. It was only the death of Archduke Philip and the madness of Joanna that forced the Castilian administration under Cisneros to turn (very reluctantly!) to Ferdinand for assistance. As noted above, your conclusion might include discussion of other interpretations/points of view but it is better if you end up reinforcing your own argument! If you can, find a snappy quotation that supports your point of view to end with! I hope this hopes you with your studies. Good luck!

Punctuation Marks Part 1

Punctuation Marks Part 1 The German word for dot, point or period,  der Punkt, and the English word  punctuation  both have the same Latin source:  punctum  (point). Among many other things that German and English have in common are the punctuation marks they use. And the reason most punctuation marks look and sound the same is that many of the signs and some of the terms, such as   der Apostroph,  das Kommaand  das Kolon  (and English  period, hyphen), are of common Greek origin. The period or full stop (der Punkt) dates back to antiquity. It was used in Roman inscriptions to separate words or phrases. The term question mark (das Fragezeichen) is only about 150 years old, but the ? symbol is much older and was earlier known as the mark of interrogation. The question mark is a descendant of the  punctus interrogativus  used in 10th-century religious manuscripts. It was originally used to indicate voice inflection. (Greek used and still uses a colon/semicolon to indicate a question.) The Greek terms  kà ³mma  and  kà ³lon  originally referred to parts of lines of verse (Greek  strophe, German  die Strophe) and only later came to mean the punctuation marks that demarcated such segments in prose. The most recent punctuation marks to appear were quotation marks (Anfà ¼hrungszeichen)- in the eighteenth century. Fortunately for English-speakers, German generally uses the same punctuation marks in the same way that English does. However, there are some minor and a few major differences in the way the two languages use common punctuation marks. „ Der Bandwurmsatz ist die Nationalkrankheitunseres Prosastils.†Ã‚  - Ludwig Reiners Before we look at the details of punctuation in German, let’s define some our terms. Here are some of the more common punctuation marks in German and English. Since America and Britain are â€Å"two countries separated by a common language† (G.B. Shaw), I have indicated the American (AE) and British (BE) terms for items that differ. SatzzeichenGerman Punctuation Marks Deutsch English Zeichen die Anfhrungszeichen 1Gnsefchen (geese feet) quotation marks 1speech marks (BE) die Anfhrungszeichen 2chevron, franzsische (French) quotation marks 2French guillemets die Auslassungspunkte ellipses dots, ommission marks ... das Ausrufezeichen exclamation mark ! der Apostroph apostrophe der Bindestrich hyphen - der Doppelpunktdas Kolon colon : der Ergnzungsstrich dash - das Fragezeichen question mark ? der Gedankenstrich long dash runde Klammern parentheses (AE)round brackets (BE) ( ) eckige Klammern brackets [ ] das Komma comma , der Punkt period (AE)full stop (BE) . das Semikolon semicolon ; Note:  In German books, periodicals, and other printed materials you will see both kinds of quotation marks (type 1 or 2). While newspapers generally use type 1, many modern books use type 2 (French) marks.    Part 2: Differences German versus English Punctuation In most cases, German and English punctuation are similar or identical. But here are a few key differences: 1. Anfà ¼hrungszeichen  (Quotation Marks) A. German uses two types of quotation marks in printing. â€Å"Chevron† style marks (French â€Å"guillemets†) are often used in modern books: Er sagte:  «Wir gehen am Dienstag. »orEr sagte:  »Wir gehen am Dienstag. « In writing, in newspapers, and in many printed documents German also uses quotation marks that are similar to English except that the opening quotation mark is below rather than above: Er sagte: „Wir gehen am Dienstag.† (Note that unlike English, German introduces a direct quotation with a colon rather than a comma.) In email, on the Web, and in hand-written correspondence, German-speakers today often use normal international quotation marks (â€Å" †) or even single quote marks (‘ ’). B. When ending a quotation with â€Å"he said† or â€Å"she asked,† German follows British-English style punctuation, placing the comma outside of the quotation mark rather than inside, as in American English: „Das war damals in Berlin†, sagte Paul. „Kommst du mit?†, fragte Luisa. C. German uses quotation marks in some instances where English would use  italics  (Kursiv). Quotation marks are used in English for the titles of poems, articles, short stories, songs and TV shows. German expands this to the titles of books, novels, films, dramatic works and the names of newspapers or magazines, which would be italicized (or underlined in writing) in English:   „Fiesta† („The Sun Also Rises†) ist ein Roman von Ernest Hemingway. - Ich las den Artikel „Die Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland† in der „Berliner Morgenpost†. D. German uses single quotation marks (halbe Anfà ¼hrungszeichen) for a quotation within a quotation in the same way English does:   „Das ist eine Zeile aus Goethes ,Erlkà ¶nig’†, sagte er. Also see item 4B below for more about quotations in German. 2. Apostroph  (Apostrophe) A. German generally does not use an apostrophe to show genitive possession (Karls Haus, Marias Buch), but there is an exception to this rule when a name or noun ends in an s-sound (spelled  -s, ss, -ß, -tz, -z, -x, -ce). In such cases, instead of adding an s, the possessive form ends with an apostrophe:  Felix’ Auto, Aristoteles’ Werke, Alice’ Haus.  - Note: There is a disturbing trend among less well-educated German-speakers not only to use apostrophes as in English, but even in situations in which they would not be used in English, such as anglicized plurals (die Callgirl’s). B. Like English, German also uses the apostrophe to indicate missing letters in contractions, slang, dialect, idiomatic expressions or poetic phrases:  der Ku’damm (Kurfà ¼rstendamm), ich hab’ (habe), in wen’gen Minuten (wenigen), wie geht’s? (geht es), Bitte, nehmen S’ (Sie) Platz!  But German does not use an apostrophe in some common contractions with definite articles:  ins (in das), zum (zu dem). 3. Komma  (Comma) A. German often uses commas in the same way as English. However, German may use a comma to link two independent clauses without a conjunction (and, but, or), where English would require either a semicolon or a period:  In dem alten Haus war es ganz still, ich stand angstvoll vor der Tà ¼r.But in German you also have the option of using a semicolon or a period in these situations. B. While a comma is optional in English at the end of a series ending with and/or, it is never used in German:  Hans, Julia und Frank kommen mit. C. Under the reformed spelling rules (Rechtschreibreform), German uses far fewer commas than with the old rules. In many cases where a comma was formerly required, it is now optional. For instance, infinitive phrases that were previously always set off by a comma can now go without one:  Er ging(,) ohne ein Wort zu sagen.  In many other cases where English would use a comma, German does not. D. In numerical expressions German uses a comma where English uses a decimal point:  Ã¢â€š ¬19,95 (19.95 euros)  In large numbers, German uses either a space or a decimal point to divide thousands:  8 540 000 or 8.540.000 8,540,000  (For more on prices, see item 4C below.) 4. Gedankenstrich  (Dash, Long Dash) A. German uses the dash or long dash in much the same way as English to indicate a pause, a delayed continuation or to indicate a contrast:  Plà ¶tzlich - eine unheimliche Stille. B. German uses a dash to indicate a change in the speaker when there are no quotation marks:Karl, komm bitte doch her! - Ja, ich komme sofort. C. German uses a dash or long dash in prices where English uses double zero/naught: â‚ ¬5,- (5.00 euros)